gondii infection by molecular methods is appealing, due to their high sensitivity and specificity. gondii infection usually depends on bioassays and serological tests, with the limitations in detection or differentiating parasite strains. gondii infection are non-specific and unreliable for diagnosis. Type I isolates are uniformly lethal to out-bred mice, while type II and III isolates are significantly less virulent. Type I or type I variants are more likely to be associated with severe toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, and the atypical isolates often cause severe acute or disseminated toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent individuals. In humans, disease manifestations range from asymptomatic to severe acute toxoplasmosis. gondii may depend on parasite genotypes and host species. Recent multilocus polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) genotyping of approximately 1500 samples worldwide has revealed 189 different genotypes, with the Toxoplasma genome database (ToxoDB) PCR-RFLP ( ) genotypes #1 (type II), #2 (type III) and #3 (type II variant) found worldwide, and highly prevalent in Europe, genotypes #1, #2, #3, #4 and #5 prevalent in North America, genotypes #2 and #3 (type III and type II variant) prevalent in Africa, and genotypes #9 (Chinese 1) and #10 (type I) prevalent in East Asia. Early studies on the parasite strains from North America and Europe identified limited genetic diversity, which were classified into genetic types I, II, and III. Toxoplasma gondii has been considered a single species in the genus Toxoplasma. Infection acquired during pregnancy can cause severe damage to the fetus, such as long-term disabling sequelae, stillbirths or fetal death. The immunocompromised patients are also at risk of severe disease following primary infection or reactivation of chronic infection. Reactivation of a latent infection in immunocompromised individuals can cause fatal toxoplasmatic encephalitis, myocarditis and pneumonitis. Severe acute, disseminated toxoplasmosis may occur in immunocompetent individuals when infected with some isolates. Primary infections in adults are mostly asymptomatic, but lymphadenopathy or ocular toxoplasmosis can present in some patients. Human infections are primarily obtained by ingesting undercooked or raw meat containing viable tissue cysts, or by ingesting food or water contaminated with T. Approximately 30 % of human population worldwide is chronically infected with T. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans, and is considered one of the most successful eukaryotic pathogens. These advances will contribute to an improved understanding of the epidemiology, prevention and control of toxoplasmosis. These techniques have provided foundations for further development of more effective and accurate detection of T. In this review, we summarize conventional non-DNA-based diagnostic methods, and the DNA-based molecular techniques for the diagnosis and genetic characterization of T. Serotyping methods based on polymorphic polypeptides have the potential to become the choice for typing T. Among these, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular techniques have been useful for the genetic characterization of T. Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis has been improved by the emergence of molecular technologies to amplify parasite nucleic acids. Traditional approaches for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis include etiological, immunological and imaging techniques. gondii infection is crucial for the surveillance, prevention and control of toxoplasmosis. The diagnosis and genetic characterization of T. The disease is mainly contracted by ingesting undercooked or raw meat containing viable tissue cysts, or by ingesting food or water contaminated with oocysts. Toxoplasmosis, caused by the obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, is an important zoonosis with medical and veterinary importance worldwide.
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